How to Increase the Life Expectancy of Your American Cocker Spaniel

As dog owners, we all want our furry friends to stay with us for as long as possible. American Cocker Spaniels are known for their sweet temperament and loyalty, which makes them a popular breed. However, like all living creatures, they have a limited lifespan. The good news is that there are steps you can take to increase the life expectancy of your American Cocker Spaniel. This article will cover key areas, including nutrition, exercise, healthcare, and mental and emotional health, that can help ensure your beloved pup lives a long, healthy, and happy life. So, if you’re ready to learn how to take excellent care of your American Cocker Spaniel, keep reading!

Nutrition

Nutrition
As a Cocker Spaniel owner, you want to ensure that your furry companion lives a long, healthy life filled with tail wags and lots of love. One of the most important aspects of achieving this goal is through proper nutrition. Feeding your American Cocker Spaniel a high-quality diet that meets their unique needs can help prevent diseases and increase their life expectancy. In this section, we will explore some key dietary factors that can help your pup live their best life. Let’s delve into the world of Cocker Spaniel nutrition together.

Feed a Healthy Diet

Proper nutrition is essential to ensure the longevity and overall health of your American Cocker Spaniel. Providing your furry friend with a balanced and nutritious diet can help prevent a range of health issues and improve their overall well-being.

Types of Food: When choosing a dog food, it’s important to select high-quality options that meet the nutritional needs of your American Cocker Spaniel. Consult with your veterinarian to determine what type of food is best suited for your dog. Some owners choose to feed their dog a homemade diet, but it’s essential to ensure that the diet is balanced and includes all necessary nutrients.

Protein: Protein is essential for muscle development and maintenance. Aim for dog foods that include high-quality sources of protein such as chicken, beef, or fish.

Fruits and Vegetables: Fruits and vegetables are a great source of vitamins, minerals, and fiber. They also tend to be low in calories, which can help prevent obesity. Some good options include green beans, sweet potatoes, and blueberries.

Grain: Grains such as rice, wheat, and barley can provide a source of carbohydrates for your American Cocker Spaniel. However, if your dog has a grain allergy or sensitivity, consider grain-free options such as sweet potato or chickpeas.

Water: Providing access to clean water is also essential for your dog’s health. Make sure your dog has plenty of fresh water available at all times.

It’s important to avoid feeding your American Cocker Spaniel table scraps, as many human foods can be toxic and even fatal to dogs. Some foods to avoid include chocolate, grapes, onions, and garlic.

Regular feeding schedule and measuring out portion sizes can also help maintain a healthy weight for your American Cocker Spaniel. Consult with your veterinarian on the appropriate portion sizes for your dog’s age, weight, and activity level.

For more information on factors that affect the life expectancy of American Cocker Spaniel, you can check our other article on factors affecting life expectancy in Cocker Spaniel.

Avoid Toxic Foods

Your American Cocker Spaniel’s nutrition plays a crucial role in their longevity. Providing your pet with a well-balanced diet is essential for sustaining their life expectancy. However, it’s equally important to steer clear of foods that could be harmful to their health. There are many toxic foods out there that you should avoid giving to your American Cocker Spaniel. Here are some of the most common ones:

  • Chocolate: Chocolate is toxic to dogs and can cause vomiting, diarrhea, and even death in severe cases.
  • Caffeine: Just like chocolate, caffeine is harmful to your pet’s health and can lead to symptoms such as restlessness, rapid breathing, heart palpitations, and muscle tremors.
  • Onions and Garlic: Onions and garlic contain compounds that damage your pet’s red blood cells, causing anemia. They can also cause gastrointestinal irritation and an upset stomach.
  • Avocado: Avocado contains persin, which can be toxic to dogs and cause vomiting and diarrhea. The pit is also dangerous as it can get stuck in their digestive tract.
  • Grapes and Raisins: Grapes and raisins can lead to kidney failure in dogs. Even small amounts can be toxic, so it’s best to avoid them altogether.
  • Alcohol: Alcohol affects dogs much more severely than humans and can cause vomiting, diarrhea, decreased coordination, and in severe cases, coma or death.
  • Bones: Cooked bones can splinter and cause damage to your pet’s digestive system. Always remove any bones from their food before feeding.

By avoiding these harmful foods and sticking to a healthy, balanced diet, you can greatly increase your American Cocker Spaniel’s chances of living a long, healthy life. For more information on how to increase the life expectancy of your pet, check out our related articles on average lifespan for an American Cocker Spaniel, Cocker Spaniel expectancy, and common health issues in US Cocker Spaniels.

Consider Supplements

Supplements can be a great way to increase the life expectancy of your American Cocker Spaniel. Here are some great supplements to consider:

  • Fish oil: This supplement is high in omega-3 fatty acids which can help improve your dog’s skin and coat, reduce inflammation and support heart health. Omega-3s also have cognitive benefits, making them an excellent supplement for senior dogs. You can find fish oil supplements at your local pet store or online.
  • Glucosamine: Dogs, especially senior dogs, can suffer from joint pain and arthritis. Glucosamine can help support joint health and reduce inflammation in the joints, making it easier for your dog to move around comfortably. Consult with your veterinarian to determine what dosage is right for your dog.
  • Probiotics: Just like humans, dogs can benefit from having healthy gut bacteria. Probiotic supplements can help regulate your dog’s digestive system and boost their immune system. When choosing a probiotic supplement, be sure to select one that is formulated for dogs.
  • Vitamins: While your dog should be getting most of their essential vitamins from their food, there are certain situations where they may benefit from a vitamin supplement. For example, dogs with a poor diet or those who can’t absorb nutrients properly may require a supplement. Consult with your veterinarian to determine if your dog requires a vitamin supplement and which ones are appropriate for them.

When considering supplements for your American Cocker Spaniel, it’s important to remember that not all supplements are created equal. It’s important to research brands and ingredients to ensure that you’re providing your dog with a high-quality product that is safe and effective. Additionally, be sure to consult with your veterinarian before adding any new supplements to your dog’s diet to ensure they are appropriate for your dog’s specific needs.

Exercise and Activity

Exercise And Activity
Getting your American Cocker Spaniel moving regularly is a crucial part of maintaining their optimal health and longevity. Physical activity not only promotes healthy bones, muscles, and cardiovascular system, but also keeps your furry friend mentally stimulated and happy. This section will cover everything you need to know about exercising and playing with your American Cocker Spaniel, including the types of activities they enjoy, how much exercise they need, and how to keep them safe during physical activity.

Regular Exercise

One of the most beneficial things you can do for your American Cocker Spaniel’s health and well-being is to ensure they get regular exercise. Daily exercise not only helps maintain a healthy weight, but also keeps their bones and muscles strong and supports their cardiovascular health. Here are some tips to help increase your dog’s activity levels:

  • Schedule daily walks: Taking your Cocker Spaniel on a brisk walk for at least 30 minutes a day will help keep them active and mentally stimulated. Walking is also an excellent way to bond with your dog.
  • Try interactive play: Games like fetch or tug-of-war can be a fun way to get your dog moving. Incorporating toys like a frisbee or a ball can be beneficial for both physical and mental stimulation.
  • Incorporate training: Combining exercise with training sessions is a great way to challenge your dog’s mind as well as their body. Consider enrolling your Cocker Spaniel in an obedience or agility class.
  • Consider their age and health: Remember that your dog’s age and health should be taken into consideration when designing an exercise routine. Puppies, senior dogs, and dogs with health conditions may need modified activity levels.

Regular exercise is essential for maintaining the health and well-being of your American Cocker Spaniel. Incorporating daily activity into your dog’s routine can help reduce the risk of obesity and other health problems, while also improving their mood and reducing stress levels. Be sure to consult with your veterinarian to come up with an exercise plan that is tailored to your dog’s needs and abilities.

Brain Games and Training

Mental stimulation is an essential part of caring for your American Cocker Spaniel and keeping them mentally sharp. Engaging your pup in brain games and training sessions can provide mental exercise and prevent boredom. Here are some effective techniques you can use to challenge your furry friend mentally:

TechniqueDescription
Teach new commandsTeaching your dog new commands and tricks is an excellent way to keep their brain active. Try commands like “give paw” or “roll over.”
Agility trainingTake your American Cocker Spaniel to an agility course to train in obstacle courses, hurdles, and tunnels. Agility training helps them develop coordination, strength and stimulate their minds.
Puzzle toysPuzzle toys have hidden treats or rewards that your dog has to figure out how to get to. These toys can keep your pup occupied for hours and encourage problem-solving skills.
Scent trainingAmerican Cocker Spaniels have a natural sense of smell, so incorporating scent training is an excellent way to challenge and engage your furry friend. Hide treats around the house and have them locate the source by following their sense of smell.

Brain games and training not only provide mental stimulation but also strengthen the bond between you and your American Cocker Spaniel. Utilize the above techniques to challenge and engage your American Cocker while providing fun and healthy mental exercises.

Avoid Overexertion

Our beloved American Cocker Spaniels are known for their playful and energetic personalities, but it is important to make sure they don’t overexert themselves. Overexertion can lead to injuries and health problems that can shorten their lifespan. Here are some ways to avoid overexertion in your furry friend:

TipDescription
Watch for Warning SignsIt is essential that you know your dog’s limits and watch for signs of exhaustion. Some common signs of overexertion include heavy panting, lethargy, and collapsing.
Start SlowlyIf your dog is not used to a lot of physical activity, do not jump right into a high-intensity workout. Start slowly and gradually work up to more intense activities.
Provide Rest BreaksMake sure to provide frequent rest breaks to allow your dog to catch their breath and regulate their heart rate. This will also help prevent injury and overheating.
Avoid Extreme WeatherExtreme heat or cold can be dangerous for your American Cocker Spaniel. Avoid exercising them during the hottest part of the day in the summer, and make sure they stay warm during the cold winter months.
Invest in Quality GearInvesting in quality gear such as harnesses, leashes, and protective footwear can prevent injuries and make exercise more comfortable for your furry friend.

Following these tips can help your American Cocker Spaniel stay healthy and happy for years to come. Always remember to consult with your veterinarian if you have any concerns about your dog’s physical activity level or overall health.

Healthcare

Healthcare
When it comes to increasing the life expectancy of your American Cocker Spaniel, healthcare is a crucial aspect to consider. Providing your furry friend with proper healthcare can help prevent and detect potential health issues early on, ensuring that they receive prompt and effective treatment. From regular check-ups to dental care and vaccinations, there are several ways to ensure that your pup remains healthy and happy for years to come. Let’s dive into some essential tips for ensuring the best possible healthcare for your American Cocker Spaniel.

Regular Check-Ups

Taking your American Cocker Spaniel for regular check-ups with a veterinarian is crucial to ensure that any potential health issues are caught early and treated promptly. Here are some important reasons why regular check-ups are necessary:

  • Prevention of illness: Regular check-ups can help identify any potential health issues your Cocker Spaniel may be prone to, such as ear infections or skin allergies. Preventative measures can then be taken to keep your dog healthy and happy.
  • Early detection and treatment of disease: Catching diseases in the early stages is essential for successful treatment. Regular check-ups can help identify any symptoms that may indicate an underlying health problem, such as changes in eating habits or behavior.
  • Dental care: Regular dental check-ups and cleanings are vital for maintaining your dog’s dental health. Your veterinarian can also monitor your dog’s teeth for any potential gum disease or tooth decay.
  • Vaccinations: Staying up-to-date on vaccinations is crucial in preventing your Cocker Spaniel from getting potentially life-threatening illnesses such as distemper or rabies. Your veterinarian can help you determine which vaccines are necessary and when they should be administered.
  • Overall health evaluation: Regular check-ups are a great opportunity for your veterinarian to evaluate your dog’s overall health and well-being. Your veterinarian can give recommendations for diet, exercise, and any other necessary adjustments to your dog’s lifestyle.

Regular check-ups for your American Cocker Spaniel are essential in keeping them healthy, happy, and to increase their life expectancy. By catching health issues early and staying proactive with preventative care, you can ensure your furry friend will lead a long and healthy life.

Dental Care

Proper dental care is essential for increasing the lifespan of your American Cocker Spaniel. Dental problems can lead to serious issues such as infections, tooth loss, and even heart disease. Here are some tips to ensure your dog’s teeth and gums stay healthy:

TipDescription
Brush your dog’s teeth regularlyUse a dog-specific toothbrush and toothpaste to clean your dog’s teeth at least twice a week. This will help prevent plaque buildup and control bad breath.
Provide chew toys or dental treatsChewing helps remove plaque from your dog’s teeth. Providing dental chews or toys can also help satisfy your dog’s natural chewing instinct.
Feed dental-friendly foodSome dog foods have special formulas to help clean teeth and promote healthy gums. Look for foods with ingredients like chlorophyll, polyphosphate, and enzymes.
Get regular dental check-upsJust like humans, dogs need regular dental exams. Your veterinarian can check for any dental issues and perform a professional cleaning if necessary.
Watch for warning signs of dental issuesIf your dog’s breath is consistently bad, they have difficulty eating, or you notice bleeding or swelling in their mouth, it’s important to take them to the vet right away.

Remember that dental care is not just about keeping your dog’s breath fresh – it plays a critical role in their overall health and longevity. By following these tips and incorporating proper dental care into your American Cocker Spaniel’s routine, you can help ensure they live a long and healthy life.

Watch for Warning Signs

One of the important aspects of increasing the life expectancy of your American Cocker Spaniel is being able to recognize warning signs early on. Paying attention to your dog’s behavior and physical condition can help catch potential health issues before they become more serious. Here are some warning signs you should watch for:

  • Changes in appetite: A sudden change in appetite, whether a decrease or increase, can be a sign of a health issue. It’s important to monitor your dog’s eating habits and consult with your veterinarian if you notice any significant changes.
  • Lethargy: If your dog is becoming less active and less interested in play or going on walks, it could indicate an underlying health issue. A sudden decrease in energy levels should be noted and discussed with your veterinarian as soon as possible.
  • Excessive thirst: Frequent drinking and urination could be a symptom of diabetes, an infection, or other health issues. Keep an eye on your dog’s water intake and consult with your veterinarian if you notice any abnormal behavior.
  • Vomiting and diarrhea: Both vomiting and diarrhea can lead to dehydration and other health complications, so it’s important to monitor your dog’s bowel movements and contact your veterinarian if they persist for more than a day or two.
  • Unusual behavior: Pay attention to any strange or out-of-character behavior from your dog, such as increased aggression, restlessness, or anxiety. These could be signs of physical or emotional distress.

Regular veterinarian check-ups are an important part of monitoring your dog’s overall health, but it’s important to also keep an eye out for any unusual behavior or symptoms in between visits. By paying attention to changes in your dog’s behavior and physical condition, you can catch potential health issues early on and help increase their life expectancy.

Stay Up-to-Date on Vaccinations and Preventative Care

It’s crucial to keep your American Cocker Spaniel’s vaccinations and preventative care up-to-date. Vaccines can protect your dog from various diseases that could potentially be life-threatening, and preventative care can help detect any potential health issues early on.

Vaccinations:

  • Core vaccinations are necessary for all dogs and include rabies, distemper, hepatitis, and parvovirus
  • Non-core vaccinations may be recommended based on your dog’s lifestyle and where you live, such as leptospirosis or Lyme disease vaccines
  • Discuss with your veterinarian which vaccinations your American Cocker Spaniel needs and how often they should receive them

Preventative Care:

  • Regular check-ups with a veterinarian can help identify any potential health issues early on
  • Dental care, such as regular tooth brushing and professional cleanings, can help prevent dental disease
  • Parasite prevention, including heartworm prevention and flea and tick prevention, can help keep your dog healthy
  • Discuss with your veterinarian how often your American Cocker Spaniel should receive preventative care and what specific measures should be taken

By staying up-to-date on vaccinations and preventative care, you can help ensure your American Cocker Spaniel has a long and healthy life. Don’t hesitate to talk to your veterinarian about any concerns you may have about your dog’s health.

Mental and Emotional Health

A crucial aspect of increasing the life expectancy of your American Cocker Spaniel is to maintain their mental and emotional health. Many pet owners may focus solely on physical health but neglect the importance of emotional well-being. Dogs, including American Cocker Spaniels, are social and emotional creatures that require proper attention and care. In this section, we will explore ways to keep your furry friend’s emotional and mental health in check. Let us delve into the details of maintaining a happy and healthy pup.

Positive Reinforcement

Positive reinforcement is a key aspect of any successful training program for American Cocker Spaniels. Instead of focusing on punishment for undesirable behavior, it’s important to emphasize and reward good behavior. This can be accomplished through the use of treats, verbal praise, or even physical affection such as petting or playing with your dog.

Some effective strategies for positive reinforcement include:

  • Clicker training: This method uses a clicking sound to signal to your dog that they have done something right, followed shortly by a reward such as a treat or verbal praise.
  • Food rewards: Treats can be used to reinforce good behavior, but it’s important to use them sparingly and choose healthy options that won’t contribute to obesity or other health problems.
  • Verbal praise: Simple phrases like “good job” or “well done” can go a long way in reinforcing positive behavior.
  • Physical affection: Petting, cuddling, or playing with your dog can be a great way to reward good behavior and strengthen the bond between you.

It’s important to remember that positive reinforcement should always be used in conjunction with clear communication and consistency in your training methods. If your dog isn’t responding to a particular strategy, don’t be afraid to try something different until you find what works best for them.

By using positive reinforcement, you can help ensure that your American Cocker Spaniel has a happy and healthy mental and emotional state, which can ultimately contribute to a longer and more fulfilling life.

Be Consistent

Consistency is key when it comes to raising a American Cocker Spaniel with a long life expectancy. This means having a consistent schedule for meals, exercise, training sessions, and even playtime. By having a routine, your Cocker Spaniel will not only feel more secure and comfortable, but it will also help prevent behavioral issues later on.

Consistency Tips:

  • Stick to regular feeding times and portions to prevent obesity and digestive issues.
  • Establish a routine exercise schedule that suits both you and your dog’s needs.
  • Keep training sessions consistent in terms of duration and frequency. Introduce new commands gradually and make sure to practice them frequently to ensure they stick.
  • Set aside designated playtime each day to bond with your Cocker Spaniel, but don’t allow it to interfere with their routine.
  • Provide consistency in terms of rules and boundaries in your home. For example, if you don’t want your dog on the furniture, stick to that rule consistently.
  • If you must make changes to your Cocker Spaniel’s routine or environment, try to do so gradually to minimize stress and confusion.

By being consistent in all aspects of your Cocker Spaniel’s life, you can provide a stable and secure environment that will help promote their mental and physical health, leading to a longer life expectancy.

Socialization

Socialization is a crucial aspect of a Cocker Spaniel’s life, whether they are a puppy or an adult dog. It involves exposing them to different people, animals, environments, and experiences to help them develop into well-rounded pets. The following table provides an overview of the benefits of socialization and some tips for making the socialization process a positive experience for your Cocker Spaniel.

Benefits of SocializationTips for Socializing Your Cocker Spaniel
Reduce Fear and Anxiety: Puppies that are not socialized can become fearful and anxious in new situations, leading to behavioral problems. Socialization helps your Cocker Spaniel build confidence and reduce fear and anxiety. Start Early: Begin socializing your Cocker Spaniel as soon as possible, ideally when they are between 3 to 14 weeks old. Introduce them to different people, animals, and environments gradually, using positive reinforcement techniques such as treats and praise.
Improve Interactions with Other Dogs and People: Socialization helps your Cocker Spaniel develop positive interactions and relationships with other dogs and people. It also helps them understand boundaries and appropriate behavior.Encourage Positive Interactions: When socializing your Cocker Spaniel, ensure that their interactions with other dogs and people are positive. Avoid situations that may be overwhelming or scary and make sure that your Cocker Spaniel has an escape route if they need it.
Increase Training Success: Socialized Cocker Spaniels are more responsive to training and more likely to obey commands. They are also less likely to develop behavioral problems like aggression and anxiety.Use Positive Reinforcement Training: Rewards-based training is the most effective method for socializing Cocker Spaniels. Use treats, praise, and play to reward good behavior and avoid punishment or harsh discipline.

Remember, socialization is an ongoing process that should continue throughout your Cocker Spaniel’s life. Make it a positive experience by using rewards-based training and gradually introducing them to new experiences in a controlled and safe environment. By doing so, you will help your Cocker Spaniel become a well-adjusted and happy member of your family.

Provide Mental Stimulation

Keeping your American Cocker Spaniel mentally stimulated is important to increase their lifespan. Here are some ways to provide mental stimulation for your furry friend:

  • Puzzle toys: Puzzle toys are a great way to keep your dog’s mind active. These toys can range from treat dispensers to interactive puzzle games. As your Cocker Spaniel figures out how to get the treats, it helps stimulate their brain and keeps them entertained.
  • Training sessions: Training sessions not only teach your American Cocker Spaniel new commands, but they also provide mental stimulation. Dogs love to learn new things, and positive reinforcement training can be a fun and rewarding experience for both you and your furry friend.
  • Scent work: Dogs have an incredible sense of smell, so incorporating scent work into their routine can be a great way to keep them mentally stimulated. You can hide treats or toys around the house and encourage your Cocker Spaniel to find them using their nose.
  • New experiences: Providing your dog with new experiences can help keep their brain active. Take your Cocker Spaniel on walks in different places, go on car rides, or introduce them to new people and animals. Experiencing new things can help keep them mentally engaged.
  • Introduce toys: Providing your American Cocker Spaniel with new toys can help keep them mentally stimulated. Rotate their toys every few weeks to keep it interesting for them. You can also introduce different textures and types of toys to keep them engaged.

By providing mental stimulation for your American Cocker Spaniel, you’re not only increasing their lifespan, but also helping to improve their overall quality of life. So, get creative and find ways to keep your furry friend’s mind active and engaged!

Conclusion

After reading through the various ways to increase the life expectancy of your American Cocker Spaniel, it is clear that there are several important factors to consider. A healthy diet is crucial for maintaining good physical health, and avoiding toxic foods can prevent serious illness or even death. Additionally, supplements can play a beneficial role in ensuring your pet receives all necessary nutrients.

Regular exercise is also imperative for maintaining cardiovascular health, and brain games and training can help boost cognitive function. However, it is also important to avoid overexertion, which can lead to injuries and other health problems.

The role of regular healthcare cannot be overstated, as it is essential in detecting and treating any health issues early on. Regular check-ups, dental care, monitoring for warning signs, and staying up-to-date on vaccinations and preventative care are all critical components of keeping your pet healthy.

Finally, mental and emotional well-being should not be neglected. Positive reinforcement, consistency, socialization, and mental stimulation can all contribute to a happy and well-adjusted pet, leading to a longer and healthier life.

Overall, by following these guidelines for nutrition, exercise and activity, healthcare, and mental and emotional health, you can help increase the life expectancy of your American Cocker Spaniel and provide them with a happy and healthy life. Remember to always consult with your veterinarian for personalized advice and guidance.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the average lifespan of an American Cocker Spaniel?

The average lifespan of an American Cocker Spaniel is 12-15 years.

What should I feed my American Cocker Spaniel?

You should feed your American Cocker Spaniel a healthy diet that includes protein, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals. It’s best to choose high-quality dog food that meets your dog’s nutritional needs.

What foods are toxic for American Cocker Spaniels?

Foods that are toxic for American Cocker Spaniels include chocolate, avocado, grapes, raisins, onions, garlic, caffeine, and alcohol.

Can I give my American Cocker Spaniel supplements?

Yes, you can give your American Cocker Spaniel supplements, but only after consulting with a veterinarian. Popular supplements for dogs include glucosamine, omega-3 fatty acids, and probiotics.

How much exercise does my American Cocker Spaniel need?

Your American Cocker Spaniel needs at least 30 minutes of exercise per day, but it’s best to provide more if possible. Activities like walking, running, playing fetch, and swimming are great options.

What are brain games for dogs?

Brain games for dogs are puzzles, mazes, and other activities that challenge their mental abilities. Examples include treat-dispensing toys, hide-and-seek games, and scent-based activities.

How can I tell if my American Cocker Spaniel is overexerting?

Signs that your American Cocker Spaniel may be overexerting include excessive panting, drooling, stumbling, and reluctance to move. If you notice any of these signs, rest your dog immediately and provide water.

What vaccinations does my American Cocker Spaniel need?

Your American Cocker Spaniel needs core vaccinations, which include rabies, distemper, hepatitis, and parvovirus. Non-core vaccinations may also be recommended based on your dog’s lifestyle and risk factors.

What is positive reinforcement in dog training?

Positive reinforcement in dog training is a method of rewarding good behavior with treats, praise, or other desirable things. This encourages your dog to repeat the behavior in the future.

Why is socialization important for American Cocker Spaniels?

Socialization is important for American Cocker Spaniels because it helps them become well-adjusted, well-behaved dogs. It exposes them to new people, places, and experiences, which can prevent fear and aggression.

References

Matthew Farthing

Matthew Farthing

Сontributing author at DogCareHacks, Certified Dog Behavior Consultant.

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