Train Your Shih Tzu to Stop Barking Excessively

Have you ever been driven crazy by your Shih Tzu’s incessant barking? It can be frustrating to deal with, especially if you’re not sure why they are barking in the first place. However, with the right training tips and patience, you can help put an end to excessive barking in your furry friend. In this article, we will explore some of the common reasons why Shih Tzus bark excessively and provide step-by-step training tips to help you curb their barking habits. So, if you’re ready to take control of your Shih Tzu’s barking, read on!
Understand Why Shih Tzu Bark Excessively
Many Shih Tzu owners are puzzled by their dog’s excessive barking. In order to help your furry friend, it’s important to understand the reasons why they bark. Shih Tzu may bark because of separation anxiety, attention seeking, or territorial instincts. By identifying the root cause of their barking, you can develop effective training strategies to help your Shih Tzu overcome their excessive barking habits. Check out our links on separation anxiety, territorial instincts, and attention seeking to learn more about addressing these behaviors in Shih Tzu.
Separation Anxiety
Separation anxiety is a common reason why Shih Tzu bark excessively. These furry little creatures form strong attachments to their owners and feel unhappy and anxious when left alone for long periods of time. In this state, they may start barking excessively as a way to express their displeasure, frustration, and fear.
To alleviate separation anxiety in Shih Tzu dogs, owners can take the following steps:
Step | Description |
---|---|
Build up gradually | Teach your dog that it’s okay to be left alone by leaving the house for short periods at first and gradually building up to longer periods. Be sure to reward calm behavior upon your return. |
Create a safe and comfortable environment | Make sure your dog has access to a comfortable bed, water, toys, and a space where they can relax. Consider using a calming aid such as a thundershirt or a pheromone diffuser to help them feel more relaxed and at ease. |
Keep departures and arrivals low-key | Avoid making a big fuss when leaving or arriving home. This will help your dog associate your departures and arrivals with normal, everyday events rather than highly charged emotional experiences. |
Provide mental stimulation | Leave your dog with interactive toys and puzzles to keep them occupied and engaged while you’re away. This will help to keep their minds busy and may help to prevent excessive barking due to boredom. |
Consider crate training | Crate training can help alleviate separation anxiety in some dogs by providing them with a secure, den-like environment. However, it is important to train your dog to associate the crate with positive experiences and not to use it as punishment. |
By following these tips, owners can help their Shih Tzu dogs overcome separation anxiety and reduce excessive barking. For more information on managing other types of problem behaviors in Shih Tzu dogs, check out our article on managing destructive behavior in Shih Tzu dogs.
Attention Seeking
Excessive barking in Shih Tzus can sometimes be attributed to attention-seeking behavior. Shih Tzus are known for their affectionate and friendly nature and can often bark to seek attention and affection from their owners.
One effective way to address attention-seeking behavior is by teaching your Shih Tzu the “quiet” command. This command teaches your dog to stop barking on command, which can be particularly useful in situations where your dog may be seeking attention but excessive barking is inappropriate.
Positive reinforcement is key when training your dog the “quiet” command. Whenever your Shih Tzu stops barking in response to the command, reward them with a treat or verbal praise, such as saying “good quiet” in an upbeat and positive tone of voice.
Using a clicker can also be a useful tool when training your Shih Tzu. A clicker is a handheld device that produces a clicking noise, which can be used to signal to your dog that they have performed the desired behavior.
To use a clicker, start by clicking the device and immediately giving your Shih Tzu a treat. Repeat this process until your dog associates the click with receiving a reward. Then, begin to use the clicker to reinforce the “quiet” command. When your dog stops barking after the command, click the device and immediately reward them with a treat.
By using positive reinforcement and a clicker, you can effectively train your Shih Tzu to stop excessive barking and discourage attention-seeking behavior. However, it’s important to remember that training takes time and consistency, so be patient and stay committed to the process.
If your Shih Tzu’s attention-seeking behavior persists or is accompanied by other concerning behaviors such as aggression or compulsive behavior, seeking professional help may be necessary. Check out our article on Shih Tzu Aggression Tips or our article on Shih Tzu Fear and Anxiety Causes Addressed for additional guidance.
Technique | Description |
---|---|
The “Quiet” command | This command teaches your dog to stop barking when asked. |
Positive reinforcement | Reward your dog for stopping barking in response to the “quiet” command. |
Clicker training | Use a clicker to signal to your dog that they have performed the desired behavior. |
Territorial Instincts
Shih Tzus are known for being fiercely protective of their territory. It’s in their nature to bark at anything or anyone they consider a threat. This trait is deeply ingrained in their DNA as they were originally bred as watchdogs in China. However, if it’s not managed properly, your Shih Tzu’s territorial instinct can lead to excessive barking, which can annoy your neighbors and even get you in trouble.
Here are some tips on how to deal with your Shih Tzu’s territorial instincts:
- Supervise your Shih Tzu when they are outside in the yard. This will help you keep an eye on them and prevent them from barking unnecessarily. You can also train your Shih Tzu to come inside the house when you call them to help minimize barking.
- Avoid letting your Shih Tzu look out the window unsupervised. This can trigger their territorial instincts as they will bark at anything they see outside. Instead, keep the blinds or curtains closed or stay with them while they watch outside.
- Teach your Shih Tzu a ‘quiet’ command to help stop excessive barking. You can use the command when they start barking at something outside. Reward them with treats and praise when they stop barking.
Remember that managing your Shih Tzu’s territorial instincts is crucial if you want to stop their excessive barking. If you are dealing with other compulsive behaviors such as biting, possessiveness over food and toys, or any other problems, be sure to check our other articles on teaching Shih Tzu to stop biting and managing Shih Tzu possessiveness over food and toys. And if you feel like you can’t manage your Shih Tzu’s behavior on your own, don’t hesitate to seek professional training to help you and your furry friend overcome any issues.
Teach Them The ‘Quiet’ Command
As a Shih Tzu owner, one of the most common challenges you may face is excessive barking. It can be frustrating for both you and your furry companion. Fortunately, teaching your Shih Tzu the “quiet” command can help address this issue. This command can be particularly useful in situations where barking is unnecessary or disruptive. But how do we teach our dogs this command? Let’s explore some training tips and techniques that can make a difference. Before we dive into the training methods, it’s important to recognize the reasons why your Shih Tzu barks excessively. If you haven’t yet, read about the root causes of excessive barking in Shih Tzus in the previous section. This understanding will help you tailor your approach and choose the right method for your dog’s specific needs.
Positive Reinforcement
Using positive reinforcement is one of the most effective ways to train your Shih Tzu to stop excessive barking. Positive reinforcement means rewarding your dog for behaving the way you want them to, rather than punishing them for doing something wrong.
The key to positive reinforcement is finding the right reward. This can be treats, praise, or toys, depending on what your Shih Tzu responds to best. When they stop barking on command, give them their reward right away. This will help them understand that not barking is the behavior you want them to display.
Here is an overview in table format of how to use positive reinforcement when training your Shih Tzu:
Step | Description |
---|---|
1 | Decide on a specific command, such as ‘Quiet’ or ‘No Bark.’ |
2 | Wait for your dog to bark naturally, and then say the command in a firm but calm voice. |
3 | As soon as your dog stops barking, say ‘Good Quiet’ (or similar) in a happy tone of voice, and give them a reward. |
4 | Repeat the exercise several times a day |
5 | Gradually reduce the size and frequency of the reward as your Shih Tzu gets better at following the command. |
Remember, patience and consistency are key when using positive reinforcement as a training method. It might take some time for your Shih Tzu to grasp what you want them to do, but with regular practice and plenty of rewards, they’ll start to learn quickly.
Using positive reinforcement should be a part of a larger training plan that is tailored to your Shih Tzu’s specific needs. For example, if your Shih Tzu is experiencing compulsive barking, consider reading our article on Shih Tzu Compulsive Behavior for additional information on how to help your furry friend calm down.
Use a Clicker
When it comes to training your Shih Tzu to stop excessive barking, using a clicker can be a helpful tool. A clicker is a small hand-held device that produces a distinct clicking sound when pressed. It helps to communicate to your dog that they have performed a desired behavior.
Here are the benefits of using a clicker for Shih Tzu training:
- Precise Communication: Clicker training allows for precise communication with your Shih Tzu. Instead of relying on vague verbal cues or body language, the clicker provides a distinct sound that lets your dog know they have performed the desired behavior.
- Positive Reinforcement: Clicker training uses positive reinforcement to encourage good behavior. When your Shih Tzu performs a desired behavior, you click the clicker and reward them with a treat or praise. This helps to create a positive association with the desired behavior and encourages your dog to continue to perform it.
- Easy to Use: Using a clicker is easy and can be done by anyone. Simply press the clicker when your dog performs a desired behavior and reward them with a treat or praise.
- Effective: Clicker training has been shown to be effective in modifying a dog’s behavior. It can be used to teach a variety of commands, including the ‘quiet’ command to help stop excessive barking.
It’s important to note that while using a clicker can be helpful in training your Shih Tzu, it should be used in conjunction with other training techniques, such as positive reinforcement and desensitization. By combining different training methods, you can create a comprehensive training plan that works best for your dog’s individual needs.
Exercise and Stimulate Their Minds
As a Shih Tzu owner, you know that your furry friend is a bundle of energy, and exercise and mental stimulation are essential for their health and happiness. Engaging your pup in regular physical and mental activities not only keeps them in good physical shape, but also sharpens their mind and improves their behavior. Whether it’s through outdoor play or structured training sessions, there are plenty of ways to satisfy your Shih Tzu’s active mind and body. Let’s dive into some exciting ways to keep your pup entertained and stimulated.
Regular Exercise
For Shih Tzu dogs, regular exercise is essential to keep them fit and healthy, and also to help reduce excessive barking. These toy breeds may appear delicate, but they have an energetic personality and need exercise to expend their energy. Regular exercise also helps to prevent weight gain, which could lead to health problems.
Here are some exercises that you can do with your Shih Tzu dog:
Exercise | Description |
---|---|
Walking | Take your Shih Tzu for a brisk walk in the morning and evening. Aim for a minimum of 30 minutes per day. |
Playing fetch | Shih Tzu dogs love to play fetch. Use a soft toy or ball and throw it for your dog to fetch over a short distance. |
Tug of war | Playing tug of war with your Shih Tzu is a fun way to exercise. Use a soft toy or rope toy and gently pull it back and forth with your dog. |
Swimming | Swimming is a low-impact exercise that can be great for Shih Tzu dogs. It’s especially useful for dogs with joint problems. |
Regular exercise not only helps with weight management, but it’s also a great way to bond with your Shih Tzu. Make sure to incorporate multiple types of exercise into your dog’s routine and vary the activities to keep them interested.
Always remember to start slowly and gradually increase the intensity and duration of exercise. Too much exercise too soon can cause injury or strain. Additionally, if your Shih Tzu has any health conditions, consult with your veterinarian before starting an exercise regimen.
Interactive Toys and Puzzles
When it comes to keeping your Shih Tzu’s mind stimulated, interactive toys and puzzles can be an excellent way to distract them from barking. Interactive toys allow your furry friend to engage in play while also keeping them mentally stimulated. These can range from treat-dispensing balls to puzzle feeders that require your dog to solve a problem in order to access their treats. Interactive puzzles, on the other hand, present your Shih Tzu with a challenge that they must solve in order to earn their reward.
Some popular examples of interactive toys and puzzles for Shih Tzu include:
- A treat ball that dispenses treats as it rolls around
- A puzzle feeder that requires your dog to move sliding parts to access their food
- A game that involves hiding treats under blocks and having your dog figure out how to move the blocks to get to the treats
- A puzzle that requires your dog to lift different compartments to access the treats underneath
These types of toys and puzzles provide your Shih Tzu with mental stimulation, which can help reduce their barking. Not only do these toys distract your dog from the trigger that may be causing them to bark, but they also provide an outlet for their energy and curiosity. By keeping your Shih Tzu engaged, they will be less likely to bark to get your attention.
Training Sessions
One way to keep your Shih Tzu’s mind stimulated is by conducting regular training sessions. Here are some training ideas to get you started:
- Basic obedience training: Teaching your Shih Tzu commands such as sit, stay, come, and down using positive reinforcement can be beneficial for both mental and physical stimulation.
- Trick training: Teach your Shih Tzu fun and challenging tricks that are mentally stimulating, such as rolling over, playing dead, or jumping through a hoop.
- Agility training: Set up an agility course in your backyard or at a local agility class to challenge your Shih Tzu’s mind and body. This can also be a great way to bond with your pup.
- Scent training: Dogs have an incredible sense of smell, so teaching your Shih Tzu how to track certain scents can be a great way to engage their mind. You can start with simple scent games indoors, such as hiding a treat under a cup and having your pup find it based on scent alone.
Make sure to keep training sessions short and fun to prevent your Shih Tzu from becoming bored or overwhelmed. Use high-pitched, upbeat tones to keep them engaged and motivated. With consistent training, you’ll not only help to reduce excessive barking but also develop a stronger bond with your furry friend.
Train Them to Ignore Triggers
Do you feel frustrated when your Shih Tzu barks nonstop at every little thing? It’s important to understand that excessive barking can stem from a variety of reasons, including separation anxiety, attention seeking, and territorial instincts. However, it’s possible to train them to ignore triggers that set off their barking by using a combination of desensitization and counterconditioning techniques. Let’s explore how you can help your Shih Tzu bark less and enjoy a quieter, more peaceful home environment.
Desensitization
One effective way to stop excessive barking in your Shih Tzu is through desensitization. This method involves slowly introducing your dog to situations that trigger their barking behavior until they become desensitized to them. Here are some steps to help you desensitize your Shih Tzu:
- Identify Triggers: Pay attention to the situations or objects that cause your Shih Tzu to bark excessively. Examples may include the doorbell, other dogs, or strangers.
- Start Slow: Once you have identified the triggers, start exposing your dog to them in small doses. For instance, if your Shih Tzu barks at other dogs, start by showing them pictures or videos of dogs and reward them for remaining calm.
- Gradually Increase Exposure: As your Shih Tzu becomes more comfortable, start increasing the intensity and duration of exposure to the trigger. For instance, take your Shih Tzu for short walks around other dogs and reward them for good behavior.
- Be Patient: Desensitization takes time and patience. It’s crucial to remain calm and reward your Shih Tzu for good behavior, even if progress is slow.
- CONSISTENCY: Consistency is key when it comes to desensitization. It’s important to expose your dog to their triggers on a regular basis and reward them for good behavior, even during brief encounters or situations where only mild barking occurs. Over time, your Shih Tzu will learn to associate the trigger with positive experiences, causing them to bark less and remain calm even in the presence of the trigger.
By using desensitization, you can help reduce your Shih Tzu’s excessive barking and create a more peaceful environment. Don’t forget to combine this training with other methods such as positive reinforcement and exercise to ensure your furry friend remains happy and healthy.
Counterconditioning
Counterconditioning is a powerful technique that can help curb Shih Tzu’s excessive barking. It involves creating a positive association with something that typically triggers barking. By doing so, you’re helping your furry friend understand that there is no need to bark in that particular situation.
The Counterconditioning Process
Here is a step-by-step process to follow when counterconditioning your Shih Tzu:
Step | Description |
---|---|
1 | Identify the trigger |
2 | Associate the trigger with positive things |
3 | Start small and gradually work up |
4 | Repeat the process regularly |
Identify the Trigger
The first step is to identify the trigger that causes your Shih Tzu to bark excessively. It could be anything from the sound of the doorbell to a passing car.
Associate the Trigger with Positive Things
Once you have identified the trigger, start associating it with positive things. For example, if your Shih Tzu barks at the sound of the doorbell, give them a treat every time the doorbell rings.
Start Small and Gradually Work Up
Start with small triggers and gradually work up to bigger ones. If your Shih Tzu barks at the sound of passing cars, start by exposing them to the sound of distant cars and gradually move closer over time.
Repeat the Process Regularly
Remember to repeat the counterconditioning process regularly. Consistency is key when it comes to training your Shih Tzu to stop excessive barking.
By following these steps and using counterconditioning, you can help your Shih Tzu learn to overcome their triggers and stop excessive barking.
Discourage Barking in Specific Situations
Is your Shih Tzu barking excessively in certain situations? While it’s natural for dogs to bark, excessive barking can be frustrating and disruptive. Fortunately, there are ways to discourage your furry friend from barking in specific situations. By utilizing techniques such as desensitization and counterconditioning, you can help your dog remain calm and quiet in situations that may have previously triggered excessive barking. Let’s take a look at some effective strategies that you can employ to help stop your Shih Tzu from barking excessively in specific situations.
When the Doorbell Rings
When someone rings your doorbell, it’s natural for your Shih Tzu to sound the alarm. However, excessive barking can become a nuisance to you and your neighbors. Here are some training tips to help your Shih Tzu learn to calm down when the doorbell rings:
- Teach the “Quiet” command: Use the same positive reinforcement techniques mentioned earlier to train your Shih Tzu to be quiet on command. Start by ringing the doorbell or having someone else do it, and then use the command “quiet” as you give them a treat. Repeat this process with the doorbell until your dog understands what to do when you say “quiet.”
- Use a visual cue: Another method you can use is to show your Shih Tzu a hand signal every time the doorbell rings. Once they understand the association between the hand signal and the doorbell, use the “quiet” command and reward them with a treat when they stop barking.
- Eliminate the trigger: If your Shih Tzu barks excessively at the sound of the doorbell, one option is to eliminate the trigger altogether. You can disconnect your doorbell or put a sign outside asking visitors not to ring it. Instead, you can have them call or text you when they arrive.
- Provide an alternative behavior: You can also train your Shih Tzu to do something else when the doorbell rings, such as going to their bed or a designated spot in the house. Use positive reinforcement to reward them with treats and praise when they comply.
Remember to be patient and consistent when training your Shih Tzu to stop excessive barking when the doorbell rings. With perseverance and the right training techniques, you can help your furry friend become a well-behaved and happy member of your household.
When You’re Not at Home
Leaving your Shih Tzu at home while you’re away can be a nerve-racking experience. Excessive barking can be a sign of separation anxiety which can result in destructive behavior. However, there are steps you can take to discourage barking when you’re not at home, and the key lies in both the physical and mental stimulation of your furry friend.
One of the easiest ways to keep your Shih Tzu busy is to provide them with interactive toys and puzzles, as mentioned earlier. Consider food-dispensing toys, chew toys, or anything that will keep them distracted for a while. This level of stimulation will prevent them from being bored and barking excessively.
Another way to reduce barking when you’re not at home is to make sure your dog gets enough exercise. Shih Tzus are known for being playful and energetic. They need regular exercise to stay happy and healthy.
Exercise Ideas | Description |
---|---|
Fetch | Throwing a ball or toy for them to chase and retrieve |
Walks | Regular walks will keep them physically active and mentally stimulated |
Swimming | If your Shih Tzu likes water, swimming is an excellent activity to keep them stimulated and refreshed |
If your Shih Tzu still barks excessively, even with toys and regular exercise, you may want to try leaving some soothing music on for them while you’re away. The sound of music has a calming effect on dogs and can help soothe any anxiety-related barking.
Consider installing blinds or curtains to block their view of the outside world. Often, dogs bark at anything and everything they can see outside, which can trigger anxiety and excessive barking. Blocking their view will help reduce barking significantly.
Remember, reducing barking when you’re not at home requires a combination of mental and physical stimulation, as well as creating a serene environment. Be patient with your furry friend, and with a little bit of positive reinforcement, your Shih Tzu will learn to bark less when you’re not there.
During Playtime
During playtime, Shih Tzus can become extremely excited and may start barking excessively. To discourage this behavior, there are a few training tips you can follow:
Tip | Description |
---|---|
1. Set boundaries | Let your Shih Tzu know what is acceptable behavior during playtime. This means no biting, jumping or excessive barking. Provide them with a designated play area and use voice commands to reinforce these boundaries. |
2. Use positive reinforcement | When your Shih Tzu is playing quietly and calmly, praise and reward them with small treats or their favorite toy. This positive reinforcement helps to reinforce good behavior and encourages them to continue it. |
3. Avoid overstimulation | Some dogs become overly excited during playtime, which can lead to excessive barking. Avoid overstimulating your Shih Tzu by playing in a calm environment and limiting the duration of playtime. |
4. Redirect their attention | If your Shih Tzu starts barking excessively during playtime, redirect their attention with a simple command such as “sit” or “stay”. Once they obey the command, reward them with praise or a small treat. |
By creating clear boundaries, using positive reinforcement, avoiding overstimulation, and redirecting attention, you can discourage excessive barking during playtime and promote positive behavior in your Shih Tzu.
Consider Professional Training
If despite your best efforts, your Shih Tzu is still barking excessively, it might be time to consider professional training. A professional dog trainer can help identify the root cause of your dog’s barking and develop a personalized training plan to address the behavior.
Benefits of Professional Training
Professional dog trainers have the knowledge and experience to identify and address problem behavior in dogs. They can provide a customized training plan tailored to your dog’s specific needs. Trainers use positive reinforcement techniques to encourage good behavior and discourage bad behavior. With professional training, you can be confident that you are giving your Shih Tzu the best possible chance to overcome their barking habit.
What to Look for in a Trainer
When choosing a trainer, look for someone who has experience working with small dogs like Shih Tzus. A good trainer will also use positive reinforcement techniques and be able to explain their training philosophy to you. Ask for references and check online reviews before deciding on a trainer.
Training Methods
Professional trainers use a variety of methods to address excessive barking. They may use desensitization techniques to gradually expose your dog to triggers that cause barking, or they may use counterconditioning to teach your dog to associate the trigger with positive experiences. The ultimate goal is to teach your dog to remain calm and quiet in situations that would normally cause excessive barking.
Cost and Time Commitment
Professional training can be expensive, but it is worth the investment if it helps your dog overcome excessive barking. The cost will depend on the trainer and the length of the training program. You should also be prepared to commit time to practicing training techniques with your dog outside of training sessions.
Conclusion
If your Shih Tzu’s excessive barking is causing problems, professional training may be the best solution. A professional dog trainer can provide personalized training to help your dog overcome the behavior. Be sure to choose a qualified trainer who uses positive reinforcement techniques and be prepared to commit time and money to the training process. With perseverance and dedication, you can help your Shih Tzu become a well-behaved and happy companion.
Conclusion
In conclusion, teaching your Shih Tzu to stop excessive barking requires patience, consistency, and a deep understanding of why they bark in the first place. By taking the time to address the underlying causes, utilizing positive reinforcement techniques, and providing them with enough exercise and mental stimulation, you can effectively reduce their barking behavior.
Remember to always approach training with a positive attitude, and never resort to punishment or negative reinforcement. Dogs respond much better to kindness and positive reinforcement than they do to harsh training methods.
It’s important to keep in mind that excessive barking can also be a sign of a larger issue such as anxiety, fear or illness. If you have tried to train your Shih Tzu and their barking persists, it may be worth seeking the advice of a professional dog trainer or veterinarian.
Ultimately, understanding and addressing your Shih Tzu’s barking behavior can lead to a stronger bond between you and your furry friend, and a happier, more peaceful living environment for everyone in your home. So, stay patient, stay positive, and start training today!
Frequently Asked Questions
How long does it take to train a Shih Tzu to stop barking excessively?
The time required to train a Shih Tzu to stop barking excessively varies from dog to dog. Some may learn quickly, while others may take a few weeks or even months.
Are Shih Tzu naturally excessive barkers?
Yes, Shih Tzu are known to be excessive barkers. They have a strong territorial instinct which makes them bark at any perceived threats, including other dogs or people approaching their home.
What are some common Shih Tzu barking triggers?
Common Shih Tzu barking triggers include doorbells, strangers, other dogs, and loud noises.
Can barking be a sign of health issues in Shih Tzu?
Yes, excessive barking can sometimes be a sign of pain or discomfort in Shih Tzu. If you notice a sudden increase in barking, it’s best to take your dog to the vet for a check-up.
Is it okay to use bark collars on Shih Tzu?
No, using bark collars on Shih Tzu is not recommended as it can cause physical and emotional harm to the dog.
How can I be consistent with my Shih Tzu’s training?
Consistency is key when it comes to training your Shih Tzu. Make sure everyone in your household is on the same page and follows the same training methods.
Can treats be used to train Shih Tzu to stop barking excessively?
Yes, positive reinforcement in the form of treats can be a great way to train your Shih Tzu to stop barking excessively.
What are some interactive toys that can help stimulate my Shih Tzu’s mind?
Scent puzzles, treat dispensing toys, and interactive balls are some examples of toys that can help stimulate your Shih Tzu’s mind.
At what age should I start training my Shih Tzu to stop excessive barking?
You can start training your Shih Tzu to stop excessive barking as early as 8 weeks old.
Should I hire a professional dog trainer to help with my Shih Tzu’s barking problem?
If your Shih Tzu’s excessive barking is causing significant problems and you feel like you’re not making progress on your own, then it may be worth considering hiring a professional dog trainer.